Italian Glass Beads
Italian Glass Beads
The Interesting History Of Glasses: How Bacon Invented Them
In the mid of the thirteenth century, the great English scholar Kevin Bacon found that a lot of people suffered a lot from not being able to see clearly the words and characters on books because of the poor eyesight. And it occurred to him one day to invent a tool to help people improve their eyesight. However despite the great effort he made doing experiments, the idea never panned out.
One day after rain, Bacon was taking a stroll in the garden when he saw some raindrops sticking to a spider web. Looking through the raindrops, he found to his excitement that the veins had been enlarged. Immediately he ran back home and searched throughout the house for a glass bead. But behind the glass bead the words on the paper were still vague. So he cut a piece down from the glass bead using a diamond and a hammer. Putting the piece of glass near the paper, the words were really enlarged! It was successful and Bacon almost thrilled. Later he found a chip of wood, pierced a round hole in it, put the glass bead in and equipped it with a handle. With this it was more convenient for people to read and write. It is what we call today eyeglasses.
The lenses of the glasses were improved again and again and eventually developed into the kind people wear today. And there are a several kinds: glasses for nearsightedness, presbyopia lenses and so on. It can be said a great contribution that Bacon made for the human society.
However it is generally believed that glasses first appeared in Firenze, Italy and they were first made an Italian in the city of Pizza. In 1825, an English astronomer invented the glasses that could correct astigmatism. There is not much record about the origin of glasses in China but someone say that they showed up in the mid of Ming Dynasty because it has been observed in a picture preserved since that time an old man with spectacles. And in the Qing Dynasty glasses were already well spread.
About the Author
Glasses Shop provides a great variety of discount glasses with high quality and fashionable designs. What’s more, you can try all glasses on line and all your purchases are promised to free of risk. And now many prescription glasses and sunglasses with latest designs have arrived, so when you want to send your families or friends some gifts,don’t forget to buy them one. If any of you have questions, please leave your suggestions in comment section.
Murano glass
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Murano glass paper weights
Murano glass has been a famous product of the Venetian island of Murano for centuries. Located off the shore of Venice, Italy, Murano was a commercial port as far back as the 7th century. By the 10th century it had become a well-known city of trade. Today Murano remains a destination for tourists and art and jewellery lovers alike.
History of Murano Glassmaking
Murano reputation as a centre for glassmaking was born when the Venetian Republic, fearing fire and destruction to the city mostly wood buildings, ordered glassmakers to move their foundries to Murano in 1291. Murano glass is still interwoven with Venetian glass.
Murano’s glassmakers were soon the island most prominent citizens. By the 14th century, glassmakers were allowed to wear swords, enjoyed immunity from prosecution by the Venetian state and found their daughters married into Venice most affluent families. However glassmakers were not allowed to leave the Republic. Many craftsmen took this risk and set up glass furnaces in surrounding cities and as far afield as England and the Netherlands.
By the end of the 16th century, three thousand of Murano island’s seven thousand inhabitants were involved in some way in the glassmaking industry.
Murano glassmakers held a monopoly on quality glassmaking for centuries, developing or refining many technologies including crystalline glass, enamelled glass (smalto), glass with threads of gold (aventurine), multicoloured glass (millefiori), milk glass (lattimo), and imitation gemstones made of glass. Today, the artisans of Murano are still employing these century-old techniques, crafting everything from contemporary art glass and glass jewellery to Murano glass chandeliers and wine stoppers.
Today, Murano is home to the Museo Vetrario or Glass Museum in the Palazzo Giustinian, which holds displays on the history of glassmaking as well as glass samples ranging from Egyptian times through the present day.
Murano Glass was produced in great quantities in the 1950s and 1960s for export and for tourists.
The Art of Glassmaking
The process of making Murano glass is rather complex. Most Murano glass art is made using the lampworking technique. The glass is made from silica which becomes liquid at high temperatures. As the glass passes from a liquid to a solid state, there is an interval when the glass is soft before it hardens completely. This is when the glass-master can shape the material.
Murano glass today
Some of the Murano’s historical glass factories remain today as well known brands, amongst them Venini, Barovier & Toso, Pauly, and Seguso. The oldest glass factory is Pauly & C. – Compagnia Venezia Murano, founded in 1866.
Orange Murano Beads
Murano Millefiori Pendant
Materials
The other raw materials, called flux or melting agents, soften at lower temperatures. The more sodium oxide present in the glass, the slower it solidifies. This is important for hand-working because it allows the glassmaker more time to shape the material. The various raw materials that an artisan might add to a glass mixture are sodium (to make the glass surface opaque), nitrate and arsenic (to eliminate bubbles) and colouring or opacifying substances.
Colours, techniques and materials
Colours, techniques and materials vary depending upon the look a glassmaker is trying to achieve. Aquamarine is created through the use of copper and cobalt compounds whereas ruby red uses a gold solution as a colouring agent. The millefiori technique begins with the layering of sliced canes of glass and conterie or tiny glass beads are formed by cutting thin glass canes into sections when cold then rounded when hot. Filigree, incalmo, enamel painted, engraving, gold engraving, lattimo, ribbed glass and submersion are just a few of the other techniques a glassmaker can employ.
Sommerso
Sommerso (lit. “submerged” in Italian), or “sunken glasses”, is a form of artistic Murano glass that has layers of contrasting colors (typically 2), which are formed by dipping the object in molten glass; the outermost layer, or casing, is often clear. Sommerso was first formed in Murano during the late thirties, made popular by Seguso d’Arte in the fifties. This process is a popular technique for vases, and is sometimes used to form sculptures.
Tools
It is essential that Murano artisans use tools in the making of their glass. Some of these tools include borselle (tongs or pliers used to hand-form the red-hot glass), canna da soffio (blowing pipe), pontello (an iron rod to which…(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about Hot Stamp Foil, Aluminium Tool Boxes, . The RG 59 TV coaxial cable, RG 6 TV coaxial cable, with CCS or CCA conductor products should be show more here!
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Signature Moments Sterling Silver Belli Fiori Murano Glass Bead $17.09 Celebrate…Inspire…Design…Life’s moments are precious, make them Signature MomentsAdorn your favorite jewelry with this sterling silver and glass Belli Fiori bead from Signature Moments. |
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Signature Moments Sterling Silver Red Murano Glass Bead $17.09 Celebrate…Inspire…Design… Life’s moments are precious, make them Signature MomentsThis bead from Signature Moments features vibrant red Murano glass. Sterling silver rims the 5-mm hole of this bead. |
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Signature Moments Sterling Silver Bianca Murano Glass Bead $14.39 This hollow glass Murano bead shines with a lovely white color. This jewelry piece is made of sterling silver. |
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Signature Moments Sterling Silver Yellow Murano Glass Bead $14.49 Celebrate…Inspire…Design… Life’s moments are precious, make them Signature MomentsThis bead from Signature Moments features bright yellow Murano glass. Sterling silver rims the 5-mm hole of this bead. |
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Signature Moments Sterling Silver Blue Murano Glass Bead $15.74 Celebrate…Inspire…Design… Life’s moments are precious, make them Signature MomentsThis bead from Signature Moments features beautiful blue Murano glass. Sterling silver rims the 5-mm hole of this bead. |